Systemic Diseases
Oral Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
Uncontrolled diabetes produces a spectrum of oral findings; oral health worsens glycaemic control (bidirectional).
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§ overviewOverview
Uncontrolled diabetes produces a spectrum of oral findings; oral health worsens glycaemic control (bidirectional).
§ clinicalClinical Features
- 01Periodontitis — the 'sixth complication' of diabetes
- 02Xerostomia, sialosis
- 03Candidiasis (especially denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis)
- 04Delayed wound healing, altered taste
- 05Recurrent oral abscesses
- 06Burning mouth sensation
§ investigationsInvestigations
- 01HbA1c, fasting/random blood glucose
§ treatmentTreatment
- 01Glycaemic control (multidisciplinary)
- 02Aggressive periodontal therapy
- 03Antifungal therapy for candidiasis
- 04Saliva substitutes and stimulants
§ pearlsClinical Pearls
- 01Non-surgical periodontal therapy can reduce HbA1c by ~0.4%.
§ evidenceReferences & Evidence
Current Classification
WHO Classification of Tumours Online — Head and Neck
IARC / WHO · 2022
Continuously updated online edition of the WHO head and neck tumour classification.
Evidence summary
Highest level of evidence linked to this page: WHO / Official Classification.
- L1 · Classification — 1
- L6 · Textbook — 3
1 linked source was published from 2024 onwards. Where guidance is limited or contested, rely on the higher-level sources above rather than this summary. Educational use only — not a substitute for clinical judgement.
Content last reviewed
September 2026
Evidence last reviewed
September 2026
Next scheduled review
September 2027
Review status
EVIDENCE REVIEWED
Search latest PubMed evidence
Last literature search: 7 September 2026
Current Classification
IARC / WHO. IARC · 2022
Continuously updated online edition of the WHO head and neck tumour classification.
Histopathology References
Barnes L. CRC Press · 2008
Detailed histopathological reference for head and neck diagnostic criteria.
Textbook References
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM et al.. Elsevier · 2024
Standard reference textbook of oral and maxillofacial pathology used throughout this atlas.
Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B. Elsevier · 2020
Undergraduate and postgraduate oral pathology textbook widely used in BDS and FCPS curricula.
Draft — pending faculty review. Educational use only; verify against current guidelines and primary sources before clinical application.