Vesiculobullous Diseases
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
aka MMP · Cicatricial Pemphigoid · Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Chronic autoimmune subepithelial blistering disease affecting mucous membranes with scarring potential, especially in eyes.
Red Flags
- ·Ocular involvement
- ·Laryngeal involvement
§ overviewOverview
Autoimmune disease with autoantibodies against basement membrane zone proteins causing subepithelial blisters.
§ icdICD Classification
L12.1
§ etiologyEtiology
- 01Autoantibodies against BP180, BP230, laminin-332, laminin-311, type VII collagen
§ epidemiologyEpidemiology
Elderly, F > M. Oral mucosa involved in 85%.
§ pathogenesisPathogenesis
Autoantibodies bind BMZ → complement activation → neutrophil chemotaxis → subepithelial separation.
§ clinicalClinical Features
- 01Intact blisters (more common than pemphigus due to thicker roof)
- 02Desquamative gingivitis
- 03Positive Nikolsky sign (may be negative)
- 04Ocular: symblepharon, entropion, blindness
- 05Other sites: nose, pharynx, larynx, genitalia
§ differentialDifferential Diagnosis
- 01Pemphigus vulgaris
- 02Bullous pemphigoid
- 03Erythema multiforme
- 04Lichen planus
§ histopathHistopathology
- 01Subepithelial separation
- 02Intact basal cells on floor of blister
- 03Mixed inflammatory infiltrate
§ investigationsInvestigations
- 01Perilesional biopsy for DIF
- 02Serum ELISA/IIF for circulating antibodies
§ ihcIHC / Special Stains
- 01DIF: Linear IgG/C3 at BMZ
§ treatmentTreatment
- 01Mild oral: topical corticosteroids, tacrolimus
- 02Moderate: dapsone, tetracycline + niacinamide
- 03Severe/ocular: systemic steroids, azathioprine, mycophenolate, rituximab
§ complicationsComplications
- 01Symblepharon, trichiasis, blindness
- 02Laryngeal stenosis
§ prognosisPrognosis
Chronic; ocular scarring is major morbidity.
§ examKey Examination Points
- 01Desquamative gingivitis common
- 02Ocular involvement → scarring → blindness
- 03DIF: linear BMZ
§ revisionQuick Revision Summary
- 01Subepithelial blisters
- 02Linear IgG BMZ
- 03Ocular scarring risk
§ vivaBDS Viva Questions
- 01Differentiate MMP from pemphigus vulgaris.
- 02What is symblepharon?
- 03Describe the DIF findings.
§ mcqsMCQs — Assessment (3)
Question 1
MMP shows on DIF:
Question 2
Most concerning complication of MMP:
Question 3
Histology shows:
References
- Neville BW. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, 4e
- Chan LS. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002
Draft — pending faculty review. Educational use only; verify against current guidelines and primary sources before clinical application.