Maxillofacial Surgery
Orthognathic Surgery
Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities to restore functional occlusion, facial aesthetics and airway.
§ figuresFigures (2)
Fig. 1Pre and post Orthodontics were done by Dr, Vipin Challiyil and Orthognathic surgery was done by Dr. Aju Ommen .
“Orthognathic surgery” · Challiyan · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons
Fig. 2Osteotomies of the maxilla and mandible. 1. Lefort I 2. Bilateral sagittal split 3. Genioplasty
“Orthognatic surgery” · Henry Grey · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Verified open-access images only, reproduced for education under their stated licences · no AI-generated or illustrative artwork · Orthognathic Surgery figures pending faculty review.
§ overviewOverview
Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities to restore functional occlusion, facial aesthetics and airway.
§ clinicalClinical Features
- 01Skeletal Class II/III
- 02Facial asymmetry
- 03Vertical maxillary excess/deficiency
- 04Obstructive sleep apnoea
§ investigationsInvestigations
- 01Cephalometrics
- 023D CBCT + virtual surgical planning
- 03Dental models / digital splints
§ classificationClassification
- 01Maxillary: Le Fort I, II, III osteotomies, segmental
- 02Mandibular: BSSO, IVRO, genioplasty
- 03Bimaxillary + genioplasty
§ treatmentTreatment
- 01Pre-surgical orthodontics (decompensation)
- 02Surgery — osteotomies with rigid fixation
- 03Post-surgical orthodontics + retention
§ complicationsComplications
- 01IAN injury (BSSO)
- 02Malunion / relapse
- 03Bad split
- 04Avascular necrosis (Le Fort)
§ prognosisPrognosis
Stable long-term when proper planning + orthodontic detailing.
§ evidenceReferences & Evidence
Current Classification
WHO Classification of Tumours Online — Head and Neck
IARC / WHO · 2022
Continuously updated online edition of the WHO head and neck tumour classification.
Evidence summary
Highest level of evidence linked to this page: WHO / Official Classification.
- L1 · Classification — 1
- L3 · Systematic review — 1
- L6 · Textbook — 4
1 linked source was published from 2024 onwards. Where guidance is limited or contested, rely on the higher-level sources above rather than this summary. Educational use only — not a substitute for clinical judgement.
Content last reviewed
September 2026
Evidence last reviewed
September 2026
Next scheduled review
September 2027
Review status
EVIDENCE REVIEWED
Search latest PubMed evidence
Last literature search: 7 September 2026
Current Classification
IARC / WHO. IARC · 2022
Continuously updated online edition of the WHO head and neck tumour classification.
Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
Wang M, Zhang B, Li L et al.. European journal of orthodontics · 2022 · 44(1):1-10
Systematic review of vertical skeletal stability across orthognathic treatment protocols.
Histopathology References
Barnes L. CRC Press · 2008
Detailed histopathological reference for head and neck diagnostic criteria.
Textbook References
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM et al.. Elsevier · 2024
Standard reference textbook of oral and maxillofacial pathology used throughout this atlas.
Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B. Elsevier · 2020
Undergraduate and postgraduate oral pathology textbook widely used in BDS and FCPS curricula.
Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR. Elsevier · 2019
Core surgical textbook covering exodontia, infection, trauma and preprosthetic surgery.
Draft — pending faculty review. Educational use only; verify against current guidelines and primary sources before clinical application.