Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Implantology
aka Osseointegrated Implants
Placement of titanium or zirconia fixtures into alveolar bone to replace missing teeth via the biological phenomenon of osseointegration first described by Brånemark.
§ overviewOverview
Restoration of missing teeth using alloplastic root-form implants that osseointegrate with alveolar bone to support prosthetic crowns, bridges or dentures.
§ classificationClassification
- 01By timing: immediate, early, delayed placement
- 02By loading: immediate, early, conventional loading
- 03By surface: machined, SLA, anodised, hydrophilic
§ planTreatment Planning
- 01Medical & dental history, smoking, bruxism, occlusion
- 02CBCT with radiographic guide/digital planning
- 03Assess bone volume (ITI SAC classification: Straightforward, Advanced, Complex)
- 04Prosthetically driven implant position
- 05Consider grafting: GBR, sinus lift, ridge split, block graft
§ surgicalSurgical Management
- 01Aseptic technique, copious irrigation (keep bone <47°C)
- 02Sequential drilling per manufacturer protocol
- 03Primary stability ≥ 30 Ncm for immediate loading
- 04One-stage (transmucosal) vs two-stage (submerged) protocol
- 05Guided surgery with surgical stents for accuracy
§ complicationsComplications
- 01Early: haemorrhage, nerve injury (IAN, mental, lingual), sinus perforation, primary instability
- 02Late: peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, fracture, screw loosening, aesthetic failure
§ prognosisPrognosis
10-year survival ≈ 95% in healthy non-smokers; reduced by smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, radiotherapy, poor hygiene and bruxism.
§ examKey Examination Points
- 01Assess bone width/height & inter-arch space
- 02Identify vital structures on CBCT (IAN, sinus, incisive canal)
- 03Manage soft-tissue phenotype
§ revisionQuick Revision Summary
- 01Osseointegration (Brånemark) · CBCT planning · 2 mm from IAN · torque ≥30 Ncm for immediate loading
§ vivaBDS Viva Questions
- 01Define osseointegration.
- 02Contraindications to implants?
- 03Peri-implantitis management?
§ mcqsMCQs — Assessment (3)
Question 1
Concept of osseointegration was introduced by:
Question 2
Safe distance from inferior alveolar nerve:
Question 3
Minimum insertion torque for immediate loading:
References
- Brånemark PI. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969
- ITI Treatment Guide Series
Draft — pending faculty review. Educational use only; verify against current guidelines and primary sources before clinical application.